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High Performance Electrically Small Huygens Rectennas Enable Wirelessly Powered Internet of Things Sensing Applications: A Review Review

Wei Lin, Richard W. Ziolkowski

Engineering 2022, Volume 11, Issue 4,   Pages 42-59 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.08.025

Abstract:

Far-field wireless power transfer (WPT) is a major breakthrough technology that will enable the many anticipated ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) applications associated with fifth generation (5G), sixth generation (6G), and beyond wireless ecosystems. Rectennas, which are the combination of rectifying circuits and antennas, are the most critical components in far-field WPT systems. However, compact application devices require even smaller integrated rectennas that simultaneously have large electromagnetic wave capture capabilities, high alternating current (AC)-to-direct current (DC) (AC-to-DC) conversion efficiencies, and facilitate a multifunctional wireless performance. This paper reviews various rectenna miniaturization techniques such as meandered planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) rectennas; miniaturized monopole- and dipole-based rectennas; fractal loop and patch rectennas; dielectric-loaded rectennas; and electrically small near-field resonant parasitic rectennas. Their performance characteristics are summarized and then compared with our previously developed electrically small Huygens rectennas that are proven to be more suitable for IoT applications. They have been tailored, for example, to achieve battery-free IoT sensors as is demonstrated in this paper. Battery-free, wirelessly powered devices are smaller and lighter in weight in comparison to battery-powered devices. Moreover, they are environmentally friendly and, hence, have a significant societal benefit. A series of high-performance electrically small Huygens rectennas are presented including Huygens linearly-polarized (HLP) and circularly-polarized (HCP) rectennas; wirelessly powered IoT sensors based on these designs; and a dual-functional HLP rectenna and antenna system. Finally, two linear uniform HLP rectenna array systems are considered for significantly larger wireless power capture. Example arrays illustrate how they can be integrated advantageously with DC or radio frequency (RF) power-combining schemes for practical IoT applications.

Keywords： Cardioid pattern     Electrically small antenna     Huygens dipole antenna     Internet of Things (IoT)     Rectenna     Rectifiercircuit     Wireless power transfer    

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Self-catalytic pyrolysis thermodynamics of waste printed circuit boards with co-existing metals

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 11, doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1581-0

Abstract:

● The co-existing metals in WPCBs has positive catalytic influence in pyrolysis.

Keywords： Waste printed circuit board     Catalyst     Pyrolysis     Kinetics    

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Non-toxic, high selectivity process for the extraction of precious metals from waste printed circuit

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2023, Volume 17, Issue 10, doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1723-z

Abstract:

● Au, Ag and Pd were recovered from WPCBs with high efficiencies.

Keywords： Thiosulfate     Printed circuit boards     Precious metals     Leaching     Hydrometallurgy    

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Research on the equivalent circuit parameter　of single linear induction motor

Xu Wei,Sun Guangsheng

Strategic Study of CAE 2008, Volume 10, Issue 8,   Pages 76-80

Abstract:

The SLIM parameter has clear error to its real value on the base of the RIM parameter measurement method because it has larger air gap and edge effect. This paper proposes a new scheme suited for SLIM parameter detection. It only needs input total power, phase voltage, phase current, frequency, and then computes primary resistance, primary leakage induction, secondary resistance, secondary leakage induction, air induction and iron loss resistance. The performance analysis of SLIM indicates that this method is very effective and valuable.

Keywords： single linear induction motor     open-secondary circuit experiment     blocked-secondary circuit experiment     parameter measurement     equivalent circuit    

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Equivalent circuit and characteristic simulation of a brushless electrically excited synchronous wind

Hao WANG, Fengge ZHANG, Tao GUAN, Siyang YU

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2017, Volume 12, Issue 3,   Pages 420-426 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0439-9

Abstract: In view of this problem, the equivalent circuit and electromagnetic torque expression of the BEESG areThe generator is simulated and tested experimentally using the established equivalent circuit model.Results show the validity of the equivalent circuit model.

Keywords： wind power     brushless electrically excited synchronous generator     hybrid rotor     equivalent circuit    

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Copper recovery from waste printed circuit boards concentrated metal scraps by electrolysis

Xiaonan Liu, Qiuxia Tan, Yungui Li, Zhonghui Xu, Mengjun Chen

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017, Volume 11, Issue 5, doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0997-4

Abstract: Copper recovery is the core of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) treatment.Thus, electrolysis proposes a feasible and prospective approach for waste printed circuit boards recycle

Keywords： Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs)     Copper     Recovery rate     Purity     Electrolysis    

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Copper fractal growth during recycling from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2021, Volume 15, Issue 6, doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1405-7

Abstract:

• Copper fractal growth was observed during WPCBs recycling by slurry electrolysis.

Keywords： Dendritic copper     Fractal growth     WPCBs     Slurry electrolysis    

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Enhancement of open circuit voltage in organic solar cells by doping a fluorescent red dye

Qing LI, Junsheng YU, Yue ZANG, Nana WANG, Yadong JIANG

Frontiers in Energy 2012, Volume 6, Issue 2,   Pages 179-183 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0177-y

Abstract: The open circuit voltage ( ) of small-molecule organic solar cells (OSCs) could be improved by doping

Keywords： organic solar cells (OSCs)     open circuit voltage     fluorescent dye doping     4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl    

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A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using

Zebing Wu, Wenyi Yuan, Jinhui Li, Xiaoyan Wang, Lili Liu, Jingwei Wang

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017, Volume 11, Issue 5, doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0995-6

Abstract: In particular, waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) have become of global concern with regard to environmental

Keywords： Waste PCBs     Precious metals     Hydrometallurgy     Recycling     Leaching     Recovery    

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current measurement of the thickness of top Cu film of the multilayer interconnects in the integrated circuit

Zilian QU,Yonggang MENG,Qian ZHAO

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2015, Volume 10, Issue 1,   Pages 1-6 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0325-2

Abstract: interconnects in the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process, which is an important step in the integrated circuitThe influence of the underneath circuit layers on the eddy current is modeled and treated as an equivalent

Keywords： CMP     eddy current     multilayer wafer     Cu interconnects     equivalent unit    

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Research of an Improved Bridge Type Solid-state Current Limiter

Li Hongfeng,Jia Guixi,Qi Wei,Xu Wei

Strategic Study of CAE 2005, Volume 7, Issue 8,   Pages 75-79

Abstract:

As the expanding of power system capacity, the technologies of short circuit current limiting in power

Keywords： short circuit current limiter     novel bridge type circuit     simulation based on Matlab/Simulink     dynamic-mode    

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Learning Machine-Based Thermal Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries of Electric Vehicles under External Short Circuit Article

Ruixin Yang, Rui Xiong, Weixiang Shen, Xinfan Lin

Engineering 2021, Volume 7, Issue 3,   Pages 395-405 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.015

Abstract:

External short circuit (ESC) of lithium-ion batteries is one of the common and severe electrical failures

Keywords： Electric vehicles     Battery safety     External short circuit     Temperature prediction     Extreme learning machine    

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Solid-state transformer-based new traction drive system and control

Jianghua FENG, Jing SHANG, Zhixue ZHANG, Huadong LIU, Zihao HUANG

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2018, Volume 13, Issue 3,   Pages 411-426 doi: 10.1007/s11465-018-0467-0

Abstract:

A new type of traction drive system consisting of solid-state traction transformer (SSTT), inverter unit, auxiliary inverter, traction motor and other key components is built in order to suit the demand of developing the next-generation electric traction system which will be efficient and lightweight, with high power density. For the purpose of reducing system volume and weight and improving efficiency and grid-side power quality, an efficient SSTT optimized topology combining high-voltage cascaded rectifiers with high-power high-frequency LLC resonant converter is proposed. On this basis, an integrated control strategy built upon synchronous rotating reference frame is presented to achieve unified control over fundamental active, reactive and harmonic components. The carrier-interleaving phase shift modulation strategy is proposed to improve the harmonic performance of cascaded rectifiers. In view of the secondary pulsating existing in a single-phase system, the mathematical model of secondary power transfer is built, and the mechanism of pulsating voltage resulting in beat frequency of LLC resonant converter is revealed, so as to design optimum matching of system parameters. Simulation and experimental results have verified that the traction system and control scheme mentioned in this paper are reasonable and superior and that they meet the future application requirements for rail transit.

Keywords： solid-state traction transformer     high-voltage cascaded rectifier     LLC resonant converter     synchronous rotating    

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Analytical model and finite element computation of braking torque in electromagnetic retarder

Lezhi YE,Guangzhao YANG,Desheng LI

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2014, Volume 9, Issue 4,   Pages 368-379 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0314-x

Abstract:

An analytical model has been developed for analyzing the braking torque in electromagnetic retarder by flux tube and armature reaction method. The magnetic field distribution in air gap, the eddy current induced in the rotor and the braking torque are calculated by the developed model. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element models for retarder have also been developed. Results from the analytical model are compared with those from finite element models. The validity of these three models is checked by the comparison of the theoretical predictions and the measurements from an experimental prototype. The influencing factors of braking torque have been studied.

Keywords： electromagnetic retarder     magnetic field distribution     magnetic circuit     finite element method    

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Thoughts on China’s Integrated Circuit Chip Manufacturing in the Post-Moore Era

Hanming Wu, Feijun Zheng

Engineering 2023, Volume 23, Issue 4,   Pages 33-39 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.07.021

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Title Author Date Type Operation

High Performance Electrically Small Huygens Rectennas Enable Wirelessly Powered Internet of Things Sensing Applications: A Review

Wei Lin, Richard W. Ziolkowski

Journal Article

Self-catalytic pyrolysis thermodynamics of waste printed circuit boards with co-existing metals

Journal Article

Non-toxic, high selectivity process for the extraction of precious metals from waste printed circuit

Journal Article

Research on the equivalent circuit parameter　of single linear induction motor

Xu Wei,Sun Guangsheng

Journal Article

Equivalent circuit and characteristic simulation of a brushless electrically excited synchronous wind

Hao WANG, Fengge ZHANG, Tao GUAN, Siyang YU

Journal Article

Copper recovery from waste printed circuit boards concentrated metal scraps by electrolysis

Xiaonan Liu, Qiuxia Tan, Yungui Li, Zhonghui Xu, Mengjun Chen

Journal Article

Copper fractal growth during recycling from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis

Journal Article

Enhancement of open circuit voltage in organic solar cells by doping a fluorescent red dye

Qing LI, Junsheng YU, Yue ZANG, Nana WANG, Yadong JIANG

Journal Article

A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using

Zebing Wu, Wenyi Yuan, Jinhui Li, Xiaoyan Wang, Lili Liu, Jingwei Wang

Journal Article

current measurement of the thickness of top Cu film of the multilayer interconnects in the integrated circuit

Zilian QU,Yonggang MENG,Qian ZHAO

Journal Article

Research of an Improved Bridge Type Solid-state Current Limiter

Li Hongfeng,Jia Guixi,Qi Wei,Xu Wei

Journal Article

Learning Machine-Based Thermal Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries of Electric Vehicles under External Short Circuit

Ruixin Yang, Rui Xiong, Weixiang Shen, Xinfan Lin

Journal Article

Solid-state transformer-based new traction drive system and control

Jianghua FENG, Jing SHANG, Zhixue ZHANG, Huadong LIU, Zihao HUANG

Journal Article

Analytical model and finite element computation of braking torque in electromagnetic retarder

Lezhi YE,Guangzhao YANG,Desheng LI

Journal Article

Thoughts on China’s Integrated Circuit Chip Manufacturing in the Post-Moore Era

Hanming Wu, Feijun Zheng

Journal Article